Bad Breath
Bad breath (halitosis) is usually caused by bacteria in the mouth breaking down food particles. Most cases can be improved with consistent oral hygiene, but persistent bad breath may need dental or medical attention.
Table of Contents
Quick Facts
- Medical term: Halitosis
- ICD-10: R19.6
- Most common source: Oral bacteria, tongue coating
Common Causes
- Poor oral hygiene
- Food particles trapped between teeth or under dentures
- Tongue coating
- Gum disease (periodontitis)
- Dental cavities
- Dry mouth
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Strong-smelling foods (onion, garlic)
- Sinus or throat infections, post-nasal drip
- Acid reflux (GERD)
- Tonsil stones
- Some chronic illnesses (diabetes, kidney or liver disease)
Self-Care
- Brush teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
- Floss daily
- Clean the tongue with a scraper or brush
- Stay hydrated
- Chew sugar-free gum to stimulate saliva
- Replace toothbrush every 3–4 months
- Use antibacterial mouthwash (chlorhexidine for short courses if prescribed)
- Don't smoke
Treatment
- Treat gum disease (deep cleaning)
- Fill cavities and replace failing restorations
- Manage dry mouth with saliva substitutes
- Treat reflux with diet and medication
- Address sinus or throat infections
When to See a Doctor
See a dentist if bad breath persists despite good oral hygiene. See a doctor if it accompanies other symptoms suggesting a systemic cause (heartburn, weight loss, persistent cough).
Frequently Asked Questions
Saliva flow decreases during sleep, allowing odor-producing bacteria to multiply. 'Morning breath' is normal and usually resolves with hydration and oral hygiene.
Mouthwash can mask odor temporarily; antibacterial formulations can reduce bacteria. They don't replace brushing, flossing, and tongue cleaning.
Self-detection is unreliable. Ask a trusted person, or lick your wrist, let it dry, and smell it for a rough indicator.
References
- American Dental Association. Halitosis Resources.