Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis — often called hay fever — is an allergic response to airborne particles like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It affects up to 1 in 4 adults and many children.

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

  • Type: Allergic disorder
  • ICD-10: J30
  • Also called: Hay fever
  • Common in: Up to 25% of adults

Overview

In allergic rhinitis, the immune system overreacts to harmless inhaled substances (allergens), releasing histamine and other chemicals that inflame the nasal lining. Symptoms can be seasonal (e.g., spring pollen) or year-round (e.g., dust mites, pets).

Symptoms

  • Sneezing
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • Itchy nose, eyes, or throat
  • Watery eyes
  • Postnasal drip
  • Fatigue
  • Reduced sleep quality

Unlike a cold, allergic rhinitis does not cause fever and the discharge is usually clear and watery.

Causes

Common allergens

  • Tree, grass, and weed pollens (seasonal)
  • Dust mites (year-round)
  • Pet dander
  • Mold spores
  • Cockroach particles

Diagnosis

  • History and physical exam (often sufficient)
  • Skin prick testing
  • Specific IgE blood tests

Treatment

Avoidance

  • Track pollen counts; keep windows closed on high-pollen days
  • Use dust-mite-proof bedding
  • Vacuum with HEPA filtration
  • Reduce pet exposure (especially in the bedroom)

Medications

  • Intranasal corticosteroids (most effective for moderate-severe symptoms)
  • Oral or intranasal antihistamines
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Saline rinses
  • Decongestants (short-term only)

Immunotherapy

Allergy shots or sublingual tablets can desensitize the immune system over months to years, providing long-term symptom reduction.

When to See a Doctor

See a doctor if:

  • Symptoms interfere with sleep, school, or work
  • Over-the-counter medications aren't sufficient
  • You are considering immunotherapy
  • Symptoms include wheezing or asthma flare-ups

Related Conditions

Asthma

Often co-exists with allergic rhinitis

 Sinusitis

Can be triggered by allergic rhinitis

 Runny Nose

A core symptom

 Sneezing

Frequent in allergic rhinitis

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I outgrow allergic rhinitis?

Allergies can improve over time, but they often persist into adulthood. Some children outgrow specific food allergies more readily than environmental ones.

Are antihistamines safe to take every day?

Modern, non-sedating antihistamines (loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine) are generally safe for daily use. Some people prefer to alternate with intranasal corticosteroids.

Do nasal steroids have systemic side effects?

Modern intranasal corticosteroids have minimal systemic absorption at normal doses. Local effects (dryness, occasional nosebleeds) are more common.

Does honey help with seasonal allergies?

Despite popular belief, randomized trials have not shown local honey to reliably reduce pollen allergy symptoms.

Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.

References

  • American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Rhinitis Resources.
  • Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters. Allergic Rhinitis Practice Parameter Update.