Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by heavy protein loss in the urine, low blood albumin, body swelling, and abnormal cholesterol. It can be caused by many kidney diseases and systemic conditions.
Quick Facts
- ICD-10: N04
Symptoms
- Significant swelling (face, legs, abdomen)
- Foamy urine
- Weight gain from fluid retention
- Fatigue
- Reduced appetite
- Increased risk of infections and blood clots
Causes
Primary (kidney) causes
- Minimal change disease (most common in children)
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- Membranous nephropathy
Secondary causes
- Diabetes (most common adult cause)
- Lupus
- Amyloidosis
- Infections (HIV, hepatitis B/C)
- Medications (NSAIDs, certain others)
Diagnosis
- Urinalysis with quantification of protein
- Blood tests (albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, immunologic markers)
- Kidney biopsy often needed for cause
Treatment
- Treat the underlying cause (steroids for minimal change disease, etc.)
- Diuretics for swelling
- ACE inhibitors/ARBs to reduce protein loss
- Lipid-lowering medications
- Anticoagulation if clot risk is high
- Dietary modifications
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.
References
- National Kidney Foundation. Nephrotic Syndrome Resources.