Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of one or more parathyroid glands, leading to high calcium levels and a range of symptoms. The primary form is usually caused by a benign parathyroid tumor.

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

  • ICD-10: E21
  • Hallmark lab: High calcium, high PTH
  • Treatment: Often surgical

Symptoms

Symptoms reflect high calcium: 'stones, bones, abdominal moans, psychic groans'.

  • Kidney stones
  • Bone pain, fractures, osteoporosis
  • Abdominal pain, constipation, nausea
  • Fatigue, weakness
  • Depression, memory difficulty
  • Excessive thirst and urination
  • Many people are asymptomatic and diagnosed on routine labs

Types

  • Primary — overactive parathyroid (usually a benign adenoma)
  • Secondary — appropriate response to low calcium (kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency)
  • Tertiary — autonomous overactivity after long-standing secondary

Diagnosis

  • Serum calcium, phosphate, PTH
  • Vitamin D level
  • 24-hour urine calcium
  • Bone density
  • Parathyroid imaging (sestamibi scan, ultrasound)

Treatment

  • Surgical removal of overactive gland(s) — usually curative for primary disease
  • Monitoring for mild asymptomatic cases
  • Calcimimetics (cinacalcet) when surgery is not possible
  • Treat underlying cause for secondary disease

Related Conditions

Osteoporosis

Complication

 Kidney Disease

Cause of secondary form
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.

References

  • American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. Hyperparathyroidism Information.