Herniated Disc

Spinal discs cushion the bones of the spine. When the soft inner core of a disc pushes through its tougher outer ring, the result is a herniated (or 'slipped') disc, which can press on nearby nerves and cause pain, numbness, or weakness.

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

  • ICD-10: M51.2
  • Most common locations: Lower back, neck
  • Often improves: Within 6 weeks

Symptoms

Lumbar (lower back) herniation

  • Sharp, shooting pain down one leg (sciatica)
  • Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
  • Weakness in the leg
  • Pain worse with sitting, bending, or coughing

Cervical (neck) herniation

  • Pain radiating into the shoulder, arm, or hand
  • Numbness or weakness in the arm or hand

Red Flags

Seek emergency care for:
  • Loss of bowel or bladder control
  • Numbness in the groin or inner thighs (saddle anesthesia)
  • Severe progressive leg weakness

These signs suggest cauda equina syndrome, a surgical emergency.

Diagnosis

  • Physical and neurologic examination
  • MRI (best for visualizing discs and nerves)
  • CT scan or X-ray for bony detail
  • EMG/nerve conduction studies for specific cases

Treatment

Conservative

  • Rest then progressive return to activity
  • Physical therapy
  • NSAIDs and pain control
  • Short courses of oral steroids
  • Epidural steroid injections

Surgical

Considered when conservative care fails after 6+ weeks, or for severe or progressive neurologic symptoms. Procedures include microdiscectomy and laminectomy.

When to See a Doctor

See a doctor for back or neck pain with leg or arm numbness/weakness lasting more than a few days, or sooner for red-flag symptoms above.

Related Conditions

Back Pain

Common with herniated disc

 Neck Pain

Cervical disc problem

 Sciatica

Often caused by disc herniation

Frequently Asked Questions

Will a herniated disc heal on its own?

Yes — most herniated discs improve within 6–12 weeks with conservative care. The body gradually reabsorbs the herniated material.

Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.

References

  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Herniated Disk Patient Information.