Cognitive Impairment

Cognitive impairment describes difficulty with thinking, memory, language, or reasoning beyond what is expected for age. Some causes are reversible — early evaluation is important.

Table of Contents

Quick Facts

  • ICD-10: F06.7 (mild)
  • Includes: Mild cognitive impairment, dementia

Overview

Cognitive impairment ranges from subjective difficulty noticed only by the person, to mild cognitive impairment (measurable but not significantly disabling), to dementia (interferes with daily functioning).

Common Causes

Reversible / treatable

  • Depression
  • Sleep deprivation or sleep apnea
  • Medication side effects
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Thyroid disorders
  • Alcohol use

Progressive

  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Vascular cognitive impairment
  • Lewy body dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Parkinson's disease

Diagnosis

  • Cognitive screening tests (MMSE, MoCA)
  • Detailed neuropsychological testing
  • Blood tests to rule out reversible causes
  • Brain imaging
  • Specialized testing (PET, CSF biomarkers) in selected cases

When to See a Doctor

See a doctor for persistent or worsening problems with memory, thinking, or daily tasks — especially if noticed by others.

Related Conditions

Dementia

Severe cognitive impairment

 Memory Loss

Cardinal symptom

 Depression

Common reversible cause
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.

References

  • Alzheimer's Association. Mild Cognitive Impairment Resources.