Aortic Dissection
Aortic dissection is a tear in the inner layer of the aorta, the body's largest artery. Blood can rush through the tear and split the artery walls. It is a medical emergency with high mortality if not treated quickly.
Table of Contents
Quick Facts
- ICD-10: I71.0
- Type: Vascular emergency
- Classic symptom: Sudden tearing chest/back pain
Call 911 Immediately
Aortic dissection is a time-critical emergency. Call 911 for:
- Sudden severe chest or upper back pain, often described as tearing or ripping
- Pain that moves to the back, neck, or abdomen
- Shortness of breath, fainting, weakness, or numbness on one side
- Sudden difficulty speaking or vision changes
Risk Factors
- Long-standing high blood pressure
- Connective tissue disorders (Marfan, Ehlers-Danlos, Loeys-Dietz)
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Family history of aortic disease
- Pregnancy in those with underlying connective tissue disease
- Cocaine use
- Trauma
Diagnosis
- CT angiography (most common in emergency setting)
- Transesophageal echocardiogram
- MRI in stable patients
- Chest X-ray and ECG to rule out alternative causes
Treatment
- Type A (ascending) — emergency surgery
- Type B (descending) — usually managed with aggressive blood pressure control; surgery or endovascular repair for complications
- Long-term blood pressure control and imaging follow-up after recovery
Frequently Asked Questions
How is aortic dissection different from a heart attack?
Both cause chest pain, but aortic dissection pain is often more sudden, severe, and tearing in quality, and may move to the back. Distinguishing them requires emergency imaging.
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately.
References
- American Heart Association. Aortic Dissection Patient Information.